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On June 19, 2017, the British Columbia Supreme Court issued a decision in the case of Jamieson vs. Whistler. Blake Jamieson was rendered a quadriplegic following a serious spinal cord injury sustained on a crash on the A-Line rock drop in the Whistler Bike Park (“WBP”). Jamieson sued Whistler alleging they were negligent and that the waiver he signed was not enforceable.
Ultimately he lost his case, with Justice Sharma finding that Whistler’s liability release operated as a binding contract where Jamieson had waived his rights to sue. The court found that the waiver was enforceable and that Jamieson could not sue, pointing to his experience with high-risk sports (skiing and biking) plus his past experience as a volunteer bike patroller at the bike park. The full text of the decision is on the the BC Court website.
Despite the court’s decision focusing on the waiver, an unstated but very important finding was the court’s application of ski-operations decisions to mountain biking. The court looked at the totality of the accident and Whistler’s procedures in safety and presentation of the release.
The take-home message from this case for consumers is that if you participate in high-risk activities in BC and you sign a waiver, you are almost certainly on your own, so go into things with eyes wide open. For operators, safety should be the #1 priority, but a properly signed waiver is not far behind. Keep your operations and your customers safe, and document that you’ve done so.
Obviously the decision is a big deal in the world of mountain biking. It is also a big deal in the community of lawyers who are interested in mountain biking. The purpose of this article is to comment on the Jamieson vs. Whistler decision, with the primary audience being mountain bikers who visit commercial bike parks in BC and also the operators of commercial biking operations in BC. This decision is relevant to anyone who uses releases/waivers for biking (for example, guiding, instruction, and events) and for any kind of adventure tourism activity, whether as a consumer or organizer/operator. As opposed to legalese, the article will strive to use plain-language (sometimes known as English) as much as possible.
Now for the disclaimer: I am a lawyer whose main area of practice is in technology specializing in commercializing intellectual property. I have also written waivers for commercial operators, and I do a fair amount of trail work and volunteer time in trail advocacy. Having said that, I have no expertise in personal injury law (other than a keen interest) so my comments on the Jamieson vs. Whistler decision are very general in nature. Furthermore, although I am a lawyer I am not YOUR lawyer. Do not take any of this article or any comments I may make as legal advice.
Notable facts
It first must be said that Justice Sharma’s written response to this case is replete with quotable quotes. One such is this Ontario/Flatlander burn. It is also a burn on the universe of Internet keyboard warriors who overestimate their mountain biking ability. This quote is from Blake Jamieson’s expert witness (Geoff Pendrel) and is completely irrelevant for the purpose of this case comment but I cannot resist inclusion. I’ll include paragraph numbers from the written decision so you can read them in context if you like.
[51] Mr. Pendrel opined that there was a gap between the skill levels that mountain bikers perceive they have, and the skill levels they actually possess. In his view, the industry general (sic) accepts that gap exists. He stated that while ability classifications (beginner, sport, intermediate, expert and elite) have been in existence for a long time in the sport, they rely on riders to self-assess their ability. He further noted that mountain biking terrain varies widely in different parts of the world, and even within Canada. He opined that a rider in Ontario might race competitively in an expert class, but struggle with an intermediate trail in British Columbia.
The release in question (which Jamieson acknowledged signing) is described below. There is also plenty of signage in the WBP and in particular on A-Line. These findings hurt Jamieson’s argument that he didn’t understand the release.
[14] The Release is four pages printed on standard 8 ½ x 11 inch sized paper. I reproduce here one of the clauses most relevant to the issues in this application. It appears on the upper third of the last page, in a box that is about 2 inches in height, outlined in red and highlighted in yellow, with the following black text:
1. TO WAIVE ANY AND ALL CLAIMS I have or may in the future have against the RELEASEES AND TO RELEASE THE RELEASEES from any and all liability for any loss, damage, expense or injury, including death, that I may suffer or that my next of kin may suffer, as a result of my participation in Mountain Biking,…..;
[15] There were signs in the Park …. [with] text, including: “Use of the Bike Park involves the risk of injury.
…… “WHISTLER MOUNTAIN’S LIABILITY FOR ANY INJURY OR LOSS IS EXCLUDED BY THE TERMS AND CONDITIONS ON YOUR TICKET OR BIKE PARK PASS RELEASE OF
LIABILITY”.[16] At the beginning of the A-Line Trail is a sign with the title “WARNING” in large yellow letters printed on a red background. Beneath that in red text on a yellow background is the following: “THIS IS AN ADVANCED TRAIL. THIS FIRST FEATURE IS A REFLECTION OF THE SKILL NEEDED TO RIDE THIS TRIAL (sic). IF YOU ARE HAVING TROUBLE NOW, YOU SHOULD NOT START”. …..
The release is presented in present-day form as in the graphic below. Whistler’s current version of the short form release is here (page 1) and here (page 2)
Jamieson argued that he was unaware that riding in the bike park was potentially dangerous and carried the risk of spinal injuries. This court decision poured water on his assertion, pointing to Jamieson’s experience.
[8] Dr. Jamieson helped build trails at the Park in exchange for a season’s pass. He was also a volunteer patroller at the Park in the 2004, 2005 and 2006 seasons. Patrollers at the Park are responsible to respond to accidents, perform first-aid assessment of injured riders, provide appropriate first-aid treatment and if necessary, communicate and cooperate with emergency health personnel. That first aid treatment could include performing precautionary cervical spine procedures using a “C-Spine” board and cervical collars.
Particularly damaging to Jamieson’s credibility were his own reports filled out when he was a volunteer patroller. This is fairly impressive record-keeping for reports from over a decade ago.
[11] The information on those forms includes:
a) injured patron’s description of the accident as recorded by patroller: “Turned + left foot fell off hit front brake + endo”;
b) injured patron’s description of the accident as recorded by patroller: “Went over handle bars + hit abdomen on the handle bars”; the patrollers employed “rapid transport to clinic”; accident occurred at “Big Jump in Joy Ride Jump Park”;
c) injured patron’s description of the accident as recorded by patroller: “Over handle bars + heard crack”; the treatment recorded was “Palpated Spine – No pain – … exposed broken collar bone – slung arm – transported patient to clinic”;
d) injured patron’s description of the accident as recorded by patroller: “landed jump Front end slipped landed on left side by pelvis then skidded on Head”; this accident occurred on the “Bottom 1/3 of A-Line Zone 3”; next to the words “First Aid Exam: LOR/Cspine” is written “checked + ruled out”;
e) on one form, the patron could not recall the mechanics of the accident and the possible injuries were listed to be to the brain, skull, cervical spine, and upper right back. Spinal injury precautions were employed. That accident occurred at the “EHS check pt. #3 on A-Line”;
f) injured patron’s description of the accident as recorded by patroller: “fell off wall ride” and with regard to treatment, Mr. Jamieson’s notations state “Ruled out spinal”.[12] At his examination for discovery, Dr. Jamieson agreed that he attended a number of incidents where spinal precautions were employed. By spinal precautions, he meant immobilizing the patron and putting them on a stretcher and taking them off by ambulance.
Blake Jamieson also contended that he was not adequately informed about the waiver. Justice Sharma debunked this argument speaking favorably about Whistler’s processes and procedures.
[21] One of the responsibilities of a Guest Services Agent was presenting and witnessing patrons’ signatures on the Release when someone purchased a season’s pass for the Park. Both were trained to say the following to each guest every time they presented the Release:
“This is a release of liability and waiver of claims. It is a legal document, so you should make sure you read through it and understand what you are signing. I will be your witness”.
[22] They gave the person time to read the Release and before witnessing it would always ask: “Have you read and understood what you have signed?” They would not witness the patron’s signature unless the patron answered yes to that question.
[23] They denied that they felt pressure to rush customers through reading the Release ….. [deposing that] she was “certain that I would have presented” the agreement in the manner described above and that she “always follow[ed] the exact same procedures” and said the same introduction..
Whistler’s safety processes did not become an issue in this summary trial (I’ll explain why later in this article) but Justice Sharma refers to them approvingly, citing patroller Dom Balik’s inspection routing of A-Line.
[31] On a work run, patrollers check the trails before the Park opens to ensure the trails are in good condition and properly maintained. A patroller would ride down his or her designated trail, sometimes more than once, stopping and getting off as necessary to assess the condition of the trail including signage, fencing and drainage.
[32] Mr. Balik had no specific recollection of performing the work run on the A-Line Trail that morning. However, he stated that his standard practice was to do a visual check of the A-Line Rock Drop. He would not descend the rock drop itself. Instead, he used the ride around that bypasses the rock drop. After he is at the end of the ride around, the trail merges with the exit trail from the rock drop. He typically stopped and did a visual check of the face of the rock drop from a downhill position looking back up. He deposed:
If there were any significant issues that were visible at the rock drop on August 28, 2009, such as any irregular obstacles or substantial holes or divots in the approach or exit trail, I would have identified these during my Work Run and taken steps to have them addressed.
Notable findings
This decision was on a summary basis. That means that it wasn’t a full trial on all potential issues, but just on one threshold issue: whether or not the release was valid and enforceable. In other words, did the release that Blake Jamieson sign waive his rights to sue Whistler? If Blake Jamieson won on that point and retained his right to sue Whistler, the full case with all its issues would have gone to trial in 2018. If Whistler won the summary trial (which it did) then the case was dead and the court could save some time.
Ski area law = bike operations law
Justice Sharma applied past BC decisions (these are called precedents) regarding ski-area releases and accepted that these precedents apply to mountain biking. As a matter of strategy the Canada West Ski Areas Association takes lawsuits (no matter how frivolous) to trial without settling, except in exceptional circumstances where there is clear fault on the part of the ski area.
BC ski areas almost always win — you can count the number of exceptions on one hand — and many of these wins have resulted in law saying that releases are valid and enforceable. That we now have a case applying the same reasoning used in ski areas to for-profit, commercial mountain-biking operations is significant and a HUGE win for bike operations.
The counsel for the Canada West Ski Areas Association is Robert Kennedy, who also represented Whistler in this biking-related trial. Even a brief canvas of case law cited by Justice Sharma in Jamieson vs. Whistler reveals an impressive slate of wins from 1993 to 2016. The cases cited are in favor of ski areas and enforcing waivers, some with zingers such as “….there is simply no possible way, in my view, that this case has a prospect of success ” (from Braun vs Blackcomb, 2016).
BC consumer protection laws do not invalidate releases/waivers
As does many other jurisdictions, British Columiba has a general consumer protection law called the Business Practices and Consumer Protection Act. This law protects consumers from being bound by releases/waivers if the releases are deceptive or promote “unconscionable acts or practices.”
Justice Sharma took a past B.C. decision from 2012 (a Whistler zip line case where Cougar Mountain Adventures injured guests by sending them down the same zip line at the same time) interpreting the consumer protection law such that a release/waiver is still valid and enforceable even where an operator is negligent. Having found that Whistler did not behave deceptively or in an unconscionable fashion, Justice Sharma further found that the BC consumer protection law didn’t apply and Jamieson had waived his rights to sue.
It’s worth noting that this part of the decision was by no means a slam-dunk, as two different Ontario decisions (both ski-area release/waivers) found that plaintiffs could still sue ski areas even though they had signed waivers on the basis of Ontario consumer protection legislation.
In the Jamieson vs. Whistler judgment, these Ontario precedents weren’t cited. A past BC precedent was all the guidance the court needed to uphold the waiver despite the consumer protection law.
Takeaway
A “waiver is a tool. Sometimes it’s a huge strong vice, other times it’s a broken, rounded-off 2 mm Allen.” – Andy Eunson, former insurance adjuster, now Whistler professional recreationalist
Jamieson vs. Whistler was a trial on one threshold question: whether or not the waiver/release signed by Blake Jamieson operated to prevent him from suing Whistler. Justice Sharma ruled that the waiver applied so the lawsuit was dead. This also means that other questions which may have become relevant in a full trial (What kind of responsibility did Whistler have to Jamieson? Was Whistler’s trail maintenance good enough? Was Whistler’s post-accident care good enough? How much did Jamieson’s actions contribute to his own injuries?) were not answered.
Jamieson vs. Whistler made these important points, all of which apply in British Columbia to commercial biking operators and their customers.
1. Releases are valid. Releases are enforceable.
They are enforceable for skiing. They are enforceable for zip lines. They are enforceable for mountain biking. It’s reasonable to predict that if you agree to a release when participating in adventure tourism in BC that you have waived your rights to sue.
From the BC operator/organizer point of view, if you have a valid, enforceable release you have robust protection. This means not only bike park operators but also clubs putting on social rides, informal races or get-togethers, biking tour companies, instructors and guides.
If you are a customer of a BC commercial recreational biking operation or participate in an event and you sign a waiver, this means you’re on your own. If you’re concerned about injury then either scale back or walk away and don’t partake. Or alternatively, get your own insurance.
2. Context matters for releases/waivers.
In Jamieson vs. Whistler, the court looked at the language of the release, the personal circumstances of Blake Jamieson and how the release was presented to him.
On the language of the release, Justice Sharma said, ”I find any reasonable person, who can read English, faced with the document, would understand that the risks of using the Park are very serious, and that by signing it, the person waives his or her right to sue Whistler” which is as about an unequivocal a statement as you can get.
On Blake Jamieson’s personal circumstances, the judgment highlights that Jamieson was an educated person, conversant in English and knowledgeable about releases and participation in high-risk activities. On the topic of presentation, the court approvingly cited Whistler’s policies on presenting the release to every customer.
From the operator point of view, this means that if you use a release/waiver, take the time to carefully explain the document to your guests/customers. Take pains that they understand what they’re signing. Make sure that the release actually says what you intend it to mean. From the guest/customer’s point of view, signing it and saying that releases/waiver’s aren’t worth the paper they’re written on or blithely ignoring the language and/or signs isn’t going to make a difference.
3. Policy and procedures matter.
It’s one thing to be able to document that you have a release/waiver; it’s quite another matter to prove that the release has been presented to the customer and that the customer signed it.
Noteworthy in the Whistler judgment is the evidence from two customer service reps that it was their invariable habit to present the release and make sure the customer understood it – no matter how big the lineup was in front of them. I also spoke to Joanne J, whose last experience at the front counter was 8 years ago who says, “The waiver process is still engrained in my memory. We were ALL taught to deliver it in a very specific, very clear, and precise way so that if anything should happen and years later we [were] called back, we would remember precisely what we said. The training we had was ironclad…”.
Another call-out in the Jamieson vs. Whistler case is Justice Sharma’s reference to the invariable policy of patroller inspection of trails in the WBP, specifically citing Patroller Dom Balik’s A-Line inspection. His habits in patrol inspections were so ingrained that he could confidently say that he always inspected the A-line rock drop and always reported problems. I spoke to Sharon B. who confirmed this. Sharon’s last volunteer patrol shift was 8 years ago but she could still recount that “…safety was important on patrol inspections. We would ride or walk trails and features. If there were problems we would report them. And we would document everything.”
This is an interesting case on so many levels. It’s hard to think of a plaintiff who had so many facts that weighed against him (this is said without judging Blake Jamieson’s injuries or personal situation). Combine this with Whistler’s safety practices, Jamieson’s past experience skiing, biking, and patrolling, all of which weighed in favor of the finding that the Whistler waiver is a complete bar to lawsuits. But one can certainly think of situations where an operator or organizer isn’t as careful, as good at documenting best practices, or where the plaintiff is in different, or more sympathetic, circumstances.
Courts and legal commenters in ski-area lawsuits have made the point that one cannot get away from the consequences of negligence simply by getting a signed waiver/release. Those comments make the point that the totality of an operation’s safety processes are relevant. A take-away for operators and organizers is that one doesn’t simply let safety slide and then rely on the magic bullet of a release to avoid liability. Instead, the operator/organizer should have safety as the primary concern and use releases as one tool to warn customers about potential risk. It’s also important to have good insurance to pay for a defense lawyer.
Decisions like this are what allow bike parks to exist and progress
On the non-legal side, this also raises questions about the kind of world we want. Historically there were internal barriers to the concept of operating a bike park like Whistler. There were no templates for insurance and no method for assessing or managing risk. There was the innate conservatism of the Whistler ski area operations management people asking the Whistler biking champions why they should even take the risk. It’s decisions like Jamieson vs. Whistler which make it easier for operators to take risks, push the envelope, and to expand terrain or to build more technical features.
Without legal decisions recognizing that participants in high-risk activities assume risk and waive their right to sue, it’s reasonable to assume that many commercial biking operations would either neuter the experience or simply fold. Is that consumers want?
